氢气未来能成为主要能源吗「未来属于氢能吗它会成为新的“石油”吗」

时间：2023-04-01 15:33:01来源：搜狐

今天带来氢气未来能成为主要能源吗「未来属于氢能吗它会成为新的“石油”吗」，关于氢气未来能成为主要能源吗「未来属于氢能吗它会成为新的“石油”吗」很多人还不知道，现在让我们一起来看看吧！

导语 /Introduction/

聚焦全球能源领域热点动态、解读世界能源战略与政策、传播全球能源资讯，石化译站 将以国际化的视野，为您带来海外媒体在成品油、新能源、加油站、便利店等领域的最新资讯。

有人说，

氢经济可从碳排放危机中拯救气候

氢气可为卡车、轮船和飞机提供动力

还可用来

生产水泥、钢铁和化肥等产品

也有人持怀疑态度

认为氢能只会成为基本能源

绿氢永远不会比制造它所需的绿色电力便宜

氢的未来将走向何方

氢能会成为新的“石油”吗？

东京奥运会官方交通工具是使用氢燃料电池的丰田Mirai汽车。东京都知事2016年曾表示，“1964年的东京奥运会留下了新干线高速铁路系统，2021年的东京奥运会将留下一个氢能社会” 。2019年，推出世界上第一艘设计用于运载液化氢的船舶Suiso Frontier，旨在利用澳大利亚的氢能。

Toyota’s Mirai cars, which run on hydrogen-fuel cells, will provide most of the Games’ official transport. “The 1964 Tokyo Olympics left the Shinkansen high-speed train system as its legacy. The upcoming Olympics will leave a hydrogen society as its legacy,” Yoichi Masuzoe, then governor of Tokyo, declared in 2016. In 2019, Kawasaki Heavy Industries launched the Suiso Frontier, the world’s first ship designed to carry liquefied hydrogen. It aims to tap promised Australian hydrogen production.

韩国也有类似计划，3月，汽车制造商现代、SK集团和其他企业宣布了一个价值380亿美元的项目，旨在未来10年发展以氢能为基础的经济。

South Korea has similar plans. In March this year, car-maker Hyundai, the SK Group conglomerate and others announced a US$38-billion project to develop a hydrogen-based economy in the coming decade.

氢能的广泛使用如果真的发生，将是一个漫长的过程。早在1807年，第一台氢动力发动机就开始工作了。19世纪60年代，人们就提议通过电解水制氢来取代煤炭。但煤炭和石油总是比较便宜的。1937年，一艘充满氢气的船舶发生爆炸，人们因此认为这种燃料不安全。

Widespread use of hydrogen, it if really happens, will have been a long time coming. The first hydrogen-powered engine was working as long ago as 1807, and people were proposing making hydrogen by electrolysing water, to replace coal, as early as the 1860s. But coal and oil were always cheaper. And the Hindenburg disaster, when a hydrogen-filled airship exploded in 1937, gave the fuel a reputation as unsafe.

道路车辆加氢站数量最多的12个国家

数据来源：美国能源部

有人说，全球氢经济可以从碳排放危机中拯救气候。氢气可以为卡车、轮船和飞机提供动力，还可以用来生产水泥、钢铁和化肥等产品。韩国现代公司燃料电池部门负责人金世勋去年表示，“过去我们的技术和行业都是关于开采石油、输送石油和使用石油的；现在和未来，我们的技术和行业将是关于收集阳光、传送阳光和利用阳光的，氢能将使之成为可能”。

There is talk that a global “hydrogen economy” can emerge to save the climate from carbon emissions. Hydrogen could power trucks, ships and planes and be used to produce everything from cement to steel and fertiliser. Saehoon Kim, the head of Hyundai’s fuel cell pision told last year: “In the past, our technology and industry was all about collecting oil, delivering oil and using oil. And now, in the future, it will be collecting sunshine, delivering sunshine and using sunshine – and what will make that possible is hydrogen.”

也有人持怀疑态度。阿伯丁大学化学工程师汤姆·巴克斯特表示，“氢能只会成为一种基本能源，以目前的技术，其在400摄氏度以上的工业过程中具有优势。但在其他方面，绿氢通常会输给电力，绿氢永远不会比制造它所需的绿色电力便宜”。

Others are much more sceptical. “It is only ever going to be a niche energy source,” said Tom Baxter, a chemical engineer at the University of Aberdeen.

With current technology, hydrogen has an advantage for fuelling industrial processes where temperatures above 400C are required, Baxter added. But otherwise, green hydrogen will usually lose out to electricity where the latter can do the job. “Green hydrogen can never be cheaper than the green electricity needed to make it,” he said.

氢能或将是降低碳排放的关键

氢气很少直接作为燃料用于燃烧。相反，它作为能源的载体，在有廉价能源可供制造的地方制造，并运到有需要的地方。

Hydrogen is rarely burned directly as a fuel source. Instead it is used as a carrier of energy, made where cheap energy is available for manufacture and shipping round the world to where it is needed.

过去两年，电动汽车已悄悄领先于氢燃料汽车，通用汽车等公司承诺，15年内只生产电动汽车。他们有政府的支持，在充电网络投入巨资。但对于长途运输和航空等其他需要大量化石燃料的运输系统来说，氢能或将是降低碳排放的关键。

In the past two years, electric cars have stolen a march on hydrogen, with most major car makers bringing out models and some, like General Motors, promising to manufacture only electric vehicles within 15 years. They have government backing too, with heavy spending on recharging networks. But for other fossil-fuel guzzling transport systems which cannot easily plug into the mains, such as long-distance shipping and aviation, hydrogen may turn out to be the key to lowering carbon emissions.

每吨氢气的能量比其他化石燃料都多，而且不需要电池。但是制造它需要大量电力，所以它的气候友好性只与生产它所使用的能源一样。因此，才有了灰氢、蓝氢和绿氢的区分。

The gas contains more energy for every tonne than any fossil fuel, and avoids the need for batteries. But manufacturing it takes a lot of electricity, so it is only as climate-friendly as the energy used to produce it. Engineers thus distinguish between grey, blue and green hydrogen.

灰氢目前最便宜，是工业用途的主要类型。中国生产的氢气占世界的1/3，主要来自褐煤。俄罗斯正制订计划利用丰富的天然气储备生产蓝氢。为了成为一种可行的气候友好型化石燃料替代品，制造商必须捕集生产过程中产生的二氧化碳，并将其封存。但碳捕集与封存（CCS）仍是一项正在探索中的技术。

Right now, grey hydrogen is the cheapest, and is the predominant type for industrial uses. China produces around a third of the world’s hydrogen, largely from lignite coal. Russia is working on plans to use its abundant gas reserves to produce grey and blue hydrogen. To be a viable climate-friendly alternative to fossil fuels, manufacturers would have to capture the CO2 generated during production and bury it out of harm’s way. However, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is still very much a work in progress.

巴克斯特表示，化石燃料公司在推动氢气作为电力的替代品，从汽车燃料到家庭供暖。如bp正考虑在蒂赛德建蓝氢工厂。

Baxter, of the University of Aberdeen, said that fossil fuel companies are behind the push to promote hydrogen as an alternative to electricity for everything from vehicle fuel to home heating. Oil giant BP is considering plans for a blue hydrogen plant on Teesside in England.

在长期计划中，一旦汽油和柴油需求开始减少，石油公司便将氢气视为潜在的收入来源，但他们转向替代燃料的步伐缓慢。bp将在3年内对蒂赛德蓝氢工厂做出最终投资决定，预计2027年前不会开始建设。

In their long-term plans, major oil companies are looking at hydrogen as a potential source of income, once demand for petrol and diesel starts petering out. Their move towards alternative fuels has been painfully slow. BP will make a final investment decision on Teeside only in three years’ time and it doesn’t expect to start actual construction before 2027.

美国空气产品公司首席执行官葛思民表示，“目前，化石燃料比氢气更便宜，也更容易获得。这在一定程度上是由于全球范围内高达4000亿美元的巨额政府补贴。如果取消这些补贴，氢气等替代燃料将更可能被广泛采用”。

“For the moment, fossil fuels are cheaper and much more widely available than hydrogen. This comes in part because of large government subsidies across the globe which amount to US$400 billion. If those subsidies were removed, alternative fuels like hydrogen would stand a better chance of becoming widely adopted,” said Seifi Ghasemi, chief executive of US industrial gas company Air Products at a BNEF conference in New York this year.

未来或将出现氢能“沙特”

如果世界真的要发展氢经济，真正的动力将是大规模生产绿氢。一些国家已将自己视为潜在的氢能“沙特”，利用廉价的可再生能源大规模生产氢燃料。其中包括加拿大和冰岛，这两个国家都拥有丰富的水电产能，可以帮助氢气生产。此外，摩洛哥正在撒哈拉沙漠迅速发展太阳能，并制订了氢气生产计划。

The real prize, if the world is serious about developing a low-carbon hydrogen economy, would have to be the mass production of green hydrogen. Some countries already see themselves as potentially the “Saudi Arabia of hydrogen”, mass producing the fuel using cheap renewable energy. Among them are Canada and Iceland, which both have abundant hydroelectricity that could help manufacture it. Iceland also has geothermal energy. Morocco is rapidly developing solar power in the Sahara desert and has designs on hydrogen production.

沙特也有自己的计划。其最近宣布，将与美国空气产品公司一起在红海沿岸建一个50亿美元的绿氢工厂。一大片太阳能电池板和风力涡轮机最终将覆盖一片比利时大小的沙漠，为世界上最大的氢气工厂提供动力，生产将于2025年开始。该项目将是Neom生态城计划的一部分。除了供应生态城市，氢气还将出口，有朝一日在全球市场上，沙特的氢气将取代沙特的石油。

Saudi Arabia has its own plans. The country recently announced that, with Air Products, it is building a US$5-billion green hydrogen plant along the shore of the Red Sea. A vast estate of solar panels and wind turbines will eventually cover a patch of desert the size of Belgium, powering what would be the world’s biggest hydrogen factory. Production is set to begin in 2025.

沙特邻国阿曼有更大的计划，将投资300亿美元在阿拉伯海沿岸建氢气工厂，同时出口绿氢和绿氨。

Neighbouring Oman has plans to go even bigger. Its proposed US$30-billion hydrogen plant on the shores of the Arabian Sea would export both green hydrogen and “green ammonia”.

澳大利亚也有雄心勃勃的计划，要建5个巨大的氢中心。去年，澳大利亚的公司表示，将把一块面积超过西澳大利亚州卢森堡两倍的沙漠变成绿氢生产基地，将拥有1000万块太阳能电池板和1500台风力涡轮机。但该项目在6月被否决后，目前处于搁置状态，可能最终会继续进行。此外，在新南威尔士州的一个煤矿地区还有另一个建氢中心的计划，在维多利亚州的拉特伯谷还有使用褐煤的灰氢计划，所有这些都旨在向日本和亚洲其他地区出口氢气。

Australia has similarly ambitious plans for five giant ‘hydrogen hubs’. Last year it said it would turn an area of desert more than twice the size of Luxembourg in Western Australia into a green hydrogen production facility, with 10 million solar panels and 1,500 wind turbines.

The project is currently on hold after blueprints were rejected by ministers in June, but it may ultimately go ahead. Meanwhile, there are plans for another green-hydrogen hub in Hunter Valley, a region of coal fields in New South Wales, as well as a grey hydrogen scheme using lignite in the Latrobe Valley in Victoria. All aim at exporting to Japan and elsewhere in Asia.

氢能将创造天空中的“特斯拉”

世界第二大飞机制造商空客公司去年公布了3种不同的零排放概念氢飞机计划，并称这些飞机将在2035年投用。与此同时，加利福尼亚州初创企业ZeroAvia已有一架使用氢燃料的6座实验飞机。去年，它在英国克兰菲尔德机场首次起飞；今年4月，其在一片田野里坠毁。不可否认，该公司可能成为天空中的特斯拉。瑞士工程研究中心保罗·谢勒研究所的克里斯蒂安·鲍尔表示，“如果没有氢气，要大幅减少碳排放几乎不可能。未来10年，我们将看到氢能产业取得实质性进展”。

Aviation may be the biggest prize. Airbus, the world’s second largest plane maker, last year unveiled plans for three different zero-emission “concept” hydrogen planes that it says could be in service by 2035. Meanwhile, California start-up ZeroAvia has a six-seater research plane already running on hydrogen. It took off for the first time from the UK’s Cranfield airport last autumn. The plane crashed in a field in April, but nobody was hurt, and it could yet become the Tesla of the skies. “A substantial reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is almost impossible without hydrogen,” says Christian Bauer of the Paul Scherrer Institute, a Swiss engineering research centre. “I’d say that within the next ten years, we will see substantial developments here.”

潜在供应商和主要市场之间的其他交易也在激增。丹麦沃旭能源公司已与马士基集团（世界最大航运公司）和斯堪的纳维亚航空公司签署一项协议，2023年起，利用海上风电为哥本哈根的公共汽车和卡车生产绿氢，随后将为船舶和飞机生产绿氢。

Other deals between potential suppliers and major markets are proliferating. Danish wind power company Orsted has signed a deal with Maersk (the world’s biggest shipping carrier) and Scandinavian Airlines to use offshore wind generated in the North Sea to produce green hydrogen for buses and trucks in the Copenhagen area from 2023, with ships and aircraft to follow.

这一切会发生吗？持怀疑态度的人表示，建立制造、运输氢气的全球供应链过于笨重和低效，尤其是在基础设施必须从零开始建设的情况下。根据统计，约2/3的能量会在这一过程中流失。

Will all this happen? Sceptics say creating global supply chains to manufacture, ship and deliver hydrogen is too cumbersome and inefficient, especially when the infrastructure would have to be built from scratch. By some counts, around two-thirds of the energy would be lost along the way.

保罗·谢勒研究所的罗曼·萨基表示，“能量损失将发生在供应端、氢燃料生产过程和需求端，但氢燃料可用于长途货运，而目前大型卡车需配备几吨重的电池才能行驶100多公里”。

“Efficiency losses happen both on the supply side, in the production process of the hydrogen-based fuels, and on the demand side – a combustion engine wastes a lot more energy than an electrical one,” said Romain Sacchi, a colleague of Christian Bauer at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Even so, hydrogen could work for freight transport over long distances, Bauer said: “A large truck today would need to be equipped with a battery weighing a few tonnes to travel more than a hundred kilometres.”

波茨坦气候影响研究所的法尔科·乌克特表示，氢气的可用性不确定，无法广泛取代化石燃料，如用于汽车或房屋取暖。相反，世界应优先考虑其作为低碳能源不可或缺的应用，如可以消除最难的10%碳排放。

Hydrogen’s availability is “too uncertain to broadly replace fossil fuels, for instance in cars or heating houses,” according to Falko Ueckerdt of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. The world should instead prioritise applications for which hydrogen is indispensable as a source of low-carbon energy, he says. Hydrogen could be used to remove the hardest 10% or so of carbon emissions, as the world targets zero emissions.

他也警告称，建筑供暖等领域对氢气的需求不断上升，可能给廉价的蓝氢带来优势，并造成“化石燃料锁定”，危及气候目标的实现。

he warns that rising demand for hydrogen in areas such as heating buildings could give an advantage to cheap blue hydrogen and create a “fossil-fuel lock-in that endangers climate targets.”

以氢气为基础的燃料作为普遍的气候解决方案可能是错误的承诺。乌克尔特表示，“虽然它们用途广泛，但不能指望氢能广泛取代化石燃料”。

Fuels based on hydrogen as a universal climate solution might be a bit of false promise. “While they’re wonderfully versatile, it should not be expected that they broadly replace fossil fuels,” argued Ueckerdt.

ABB瑞士公司研究员布拉德在关于氢经济的白皮书中指出，“氢经济只有在积极可行的情况下才能建立起来。否则，更好的解决方案将征服市场。几乎所有合成液态烃都有基础设施，而氢气则需要一个全新的分销网络”。氢燃料可能很稀缺，至少未来10年不会有竞争力。

“The hydrogen economy can establish itself only if it makes sense energetically. Otherwise, better solutions will conquer the market. Infrastructures exist for almost any synthetic liquid hydrocarbon, while hydrogen requires a totally new distribution network,” argued Ulf Bossel, a fuel cell consultant and Baldur Eliasson, researcher for ABB Switzerland, in a white paper on the hydrogen economy.

Hydrogen-based fuels will likely be scarce and not competitive for at least another decade.

人类的能源利用史源远流长

每一次新兴能源的出现和利用

都将带来巨大的社会变革和进步

来源广泛、储量丰富的氢能源

被认定为

21世纪最具发展潜力的清洁能源

一方面，氢可以通过多种方式制取，资源制约小，利用燃料电池，氢能通过反应生成水，不排放污染物。氢能量具有热值高、能量大、可储存、可再生、零污染等优势，这让氢能燃料在替代过程中的比重不断增加。

另一方面，发展氢能源在解决能源危机方面也将发挥重要的作用。

当前，我国油气对外依存度很高，按照8.2亿吨标准煤的进口依存度计算，如果全部用风能和太阳能增量填补，预计到2035年可以完全替代进口油气。然而，风能、太阳能均不稳定，需要储能。如果用氢气储能，大概需要5000万吨氢气，我国目前年产氢2000万吨以上，储能所需氢气只是现有规模的2.5倍，无论是制还是储，前景都非常广阔。

作为中国最大成品油和

石化产品供应商的中国石化

实施世界领先发展方略

积极拥抱能源革命

全力打造中国第一氢能公司

在广东

截至目前，中国石化在广东累计加氢量达274.87吨，加注3.5万车次。

2019年7月1日，广东石油在佛山建成全国首座油氢合建站——樟坑油氢合建站，日加氢能力达到500公斤。2020年12月，广东石油再建成佛山河滘、广州开泰北、东莞东发三座油氢合建站。目前，广东石油已建成4座油氢合建站。

在浙江

2019年10月15日，浙江省首座集加油加氢功能与一体的综合能源供应站--嘉善善通加油加氢站投入运营。该座加氢站的日均加注从开始的日均90公斤，逐渐增加到800公斤以上。2021年7月，嘉善善通加氢站最高日加氢量突破1吨，达到1090公斤。

开业至今年7月，该站累计销量已达201吨，目前已为嘉善县全域100辆氢燃料电池公交车供氢。

在上海

截至2021年8月3日24时，中国石化上海石油两座油氢合建站累计加氢量达208.7吨，加注4.01万车次。

2019年11月18日，上海首批两个油氢合建站项目竣工并投入试运行，成为上海市首批商业化运行的油氢一体化综合供能站。两座加氢站的日均加注量从开始的日均60公斤，逐渐增加到800公斤以上。2020年12月，安智油氢合建站的最高日加氢量超过了1000公斤，成为目前国内日加氢量最高的油氢合建站。

在广西

2020年12月25日，广西石油柳州博园油氢合建站项目竣工并投入试运行，成为广西首座商业化运行的油氢一体化综合供能站，该站设置有1台双枪计量加氢机，日加氢能力可达500公斤，可同时满足新能源物流车和轻卡的加氢需求，为附近多个汽车制造业新生产下线的氢燃料电池汽车提供综合能源定点保供服务。

在辽宁

2021年2月，盛港综合能源服务站为大连自贸区首批氢能源公交车加注氢燃料，标志着中国石化东北地区首座综合能源服务站正式运营。

在贵州

2021年3月16日，中国石化贵州首座加氢站——双红油氢综合能源站投运，将为贵州省首条氢能公交线路提供加氢服务，标志着中国石化在六盘水市新能源产业链及氢能应用方面取得突破性进展。

在海南

2021年4月16日，中国石化琼海银丰加氢站正式投营，是海南首座商用加氢站，为2021年博鳌亚洲论坛提供氢能保障，共为论坛氢燃料电池车供应氢气438公斤。“十四五”期间，驻琼企业在琼规划建设10座以上氢能站，预计年供氢量1800吨。

在江苏

2021年5月15日，江苏省内第一座集加油、加氢、充电、汽服、便利店为一体的综合能源供应站——南京高淳科技新城加油站投入使用。“十四五”期间，将在全省建设90座以上加氢站，为江苏省加快推动氢能与燃料电池产业发展，建设“强富美高”新江苏作出更大贡献。

在河北

2021年5月25日，河北石油与未势能源科技有限公司签署氢能全面战略合作框架协议。双方将在发展氢能制储运加与应用、前沿技术产学研等领域开展全方位合作，并将整合各自优势打造氢能全产业链生态，布局能源与商用车双重领域，带动技术及产业发展。

在重庆

重庆首座加氢站—中国石化半山环道综合能源站于2021年4月8日开工建设。该站是全国首家采用储氢井技术的加氢站，设计日加氢能力为1000公斤，预计每日可为100辆氢燃料电池汽车提供加氢服务，项目预计可在8月投营。重庆公司全力以赴推进加氢站建设，在11月再建成投营长寿晏家综合能源站，力争在今年再开工建设南岸茶园加氢站。